@article{noauthor_current-mode_2014, title = {Current-mode ambient light sensor for ultralow-power applications}, volume = {53}, issn = {1347-4065}, url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.7567/JJAP.53.04EC21/meta}, doi = {10.7567/JJAP.53.04EC21}, language = {en}, number = {4S}, urldate = {2017-09-25}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, month = mar, year = {2014}, pages = {04EC21}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\IFSEM3KG\\2014 - Current-mode ambient light sensor for ultralow-pow.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\887GR3SE\\meta.html:text/html} } @inproceedings{sun_optical_2015, title = {Optical {Reflective} {Gear} {Tooth} {Sensor} with {Application} to {Rotational} {Speed} {Measurement}}, abstract = {An optical reflective gear tooth sensor is described in this paper. Mathematical models of optical and electrical signals are derived after theoretical analysis and calculation, and the waveforms are plotted as a reference of design by MATLAB programming. The test results show that the optical reflective gear tooth sensor with collimation LED can work well in a wide range of sensing distance, and the optical reflective sensor can detect a longer distance than Hall-effect sensor with high measuring accuracy. The developed optical reflective gear tooth sensor can be applied to various kinds of rotary speed measurement, especially where the electromagnetic interference or a wide sensing distance of sensor is required.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of {PCIM} {Europe} 2015; {International} {Exhibition} and {Conference} for {Power} {Electronics}, {Intelligent} {Motion}, {Renewable} {Energy} and {Energy} {Management}}, author = {Sun, H. and Liu, J. G. and Zhang, Q. and Li, X. N.}, month = may, year = {2015}, pages = {1--8}, file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\8AXCEGW4\\7149249.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\6T8ZNSHD\\Sun et al. - 2015 - Optical Reflective Gear Tooth Sensor with Applicat.pdf:application/pdf} } @article{gutierrez-martinez_smartphones_2017, title = {Smartphones as a {Light} {Measurement} {Tool}: {Case} of {Study}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2076-3417}, shorttitle = {Smartphones as a {Light} {Measurement} {Tool}}, doi = {10.3390/app7060616}, abstract = {In recent years, smartphones have become the main computing tool for most of the population, making them an ideal tool in many areas. Most of these smartphones are equipped with cutting-edge hardware on their digital cameras, sensors and processors. For this reason, this paper discusses the possibility of using smartphones as an accessible and accurate tool, focusing on the measurement of light, which is an element that has a high impact on human behavior, which promotes conformance and safety, or alters human physiology when it is inappropriate. To carry out this study, three different ways to measure light through smartphones have been checked: the ambient light sensor, the digital camera and an external Bluetooth luxmeter connected with the smartphone. As a result, the accuracy of these methods has been compared to check if they can be used as accurate measurement tools.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Applied Sciences-Basel}, author = {Gutierrez-Martinez, Jose-Maria and Castillo-Martinez, Ana and Medina-Merodio, Jose-Amelio and Aguado-Delgado, Juan and Martinez-Herraiz, Jose-Javier}, month = jun, year = {2017}, note = {WOS:000404449800092}, keywords = {digital camera, light sensing, Luxmeter, mobile ambient light sensor, phone}, pages = {616} } @inproceedings{ionescu_exploiting_2016, title = {Exploiting the ambient light sensor to track user environment information}, doi = {10.1109/RoEduNet.2016.7753222}, abstract = {Current smart devices (phones, tablets, etc.) have integrated light sensors that are used to adjust the screen brightness automatically according with the ambient light variations. The light sensors have become more sensitive and are able to read even the RGB light components. This information however can be accessed without requesting the user special access rights for an application and is also available for the background running services as it can be used in fitness applications. An application can therefore exploit this lack of security and track the user environment luminance information, originating for example from a TV screen, without the user's knowledge. This paper investigates the process of obtaining the sensor data in multiple operating systems, the usability of this data related to the type of light sensor and distance to the light source and outlines a possible data flow for an remote processing application that gathers the information originating from a light sensor and uses it to detect if a reference video source is shown on the user's TV screen.}, booktitle = {2016 15th {RoEduNet} {Conference}: {Networking} in {Education} and {Research}}, author = {Ionescu, V. M.}, month = sep, year = {2016}, keywords = {ambient intelligence, ambient light sensor, Android, Brightness, exploit, light sensor, mobile computing, Monitoring, operating system, operating systems (computers), remote processing application, sensor data, sensor fusion, Servers, smart device, Smart devices, smart phones, Smart phones, Streaming media, TV, user environment luminance information tracking, video detection, Windows Phone}, pages = {1--6}, file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\WX9CB84I\\7753222.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\JKXWYG38\\Ionescu - 2016 - Exploiting the ambient light sensor to track user .pdf:application/pdf} } @inproceedings{kim_development_2006, title = {Development challenges for ambient light sensor packages}, doi = {10.1109/ECTC.2006.1645748}, abstract = {Ambient light sensor (ALS) products are gaining popularity as one of the most effective solution for power management and display quality enhancement in electronic products and systems. The battery life for mobile phones, notebook computers, PDAs, and digital cameras can be extended significantly by automatic brightness control through ambient light sensor (ALS) feedback. A recent study shows that the display backlight represents one-third of the total battery drain in a notebook computer. It is also possible to achieve a more comfortable display quality with human eye-like sensing features. Automotive applications, room lighting, and advanced color sensing are other application areas for ALS that have been changing our daily life. Intersil has successfully developed ALS products with 5-, 6-, and 8-pin package configurations. A figure in the paper shows an example of an ALS product, EL7900, with a compact 5-pin QFN package format. EL7900 and ISL29000 are light-to-current optical sensors, integrating a photodiode and current amplifier for a simple current output sensor. Intersil has also developed light to digital output sensors in 8-pin packages, namely, ISL29001 and ISL29002, combining a photodiode, current amplifier, filter, ADC and an I2C output}, booktitle = {56th {Electronic} {Components} and {Technology} {Conference} 2006}, author = {Kim, Young-Gon and Kelkar, N.}, year = {2006}, keywords = {advanced color sensing, ambient light sensor packages, automatic brightness control, Batteries, battery drain, colour displays, Computer displays, digital cameras, display backlight, display quality enhancement, EL7900, electronic products, electronics packaging, Electronics packaging, Energy management, integrated optoelectronics, Intersil, ISL29000, ISL29001, ISL29002, light sources, light-to-current optical sensors, mobile phones, notebook computer, Optical amplifiers, Optical sensors, Personal digital assistants, Photodiodes, Quality management, room lighting, Sensor systems}, pages = {4 pp.--}, file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\4LKRS9KA\\1645748.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\BS8AB6DE\\Kim and Kelkar - 2006 - Development challenges for ambient light sensor pa.pdf:application/pdf} } @inproceedings{cho_ultra-low-power_2009, title = {An ultra-low-power ambient light sensor for portable devices}, volume = {7219}, url = {https://www-spiedigitallibrary-org.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7219/72190U/An-ultra-low-power-ambient-light-sensor-for-portable-devices/10.1117/12.807927.short}, doi = {10.1117/12.807927}, abstract = {Power management is one of the most important issues in portable electronics like cell phone, PDA, UMPC, GPS, MP3 player and laptop computer. Ambient Light Sensors are getting popular as a most effective solution to extend battery lifetime for these devices. This paper provides basic information about ambient light sensors on a general level and introduces an ultra low-power ambient light sensor for portable electronics. The implemented ambient light sensor converts light illuminance to 5-digital codes every 300ms which can measure illuminance from 10 to 1000 Lux consuming only 5uA. An IR-reject optical filter and a built-in integrating analog-to-digital converter reduce influences of infrared ray and 50Hz/60Hz noise from artificial light sources respectively. The ambient light sensor is fabricated in a standard CMOS 0.5-um process technology. Test results show that the implemented ambient light sensor has incandescent/fluorescent light sensitivity ratio around 2.3.}, urldate = {2017-10-01}, publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics}, author = {Cho, Soon-Ik and Kim, Yun-Jeong and Lee, Jong-Ho and Baek, Kwang-Hyun and Kim, Suki}, month = feb, year = {2009}, pages = {72190U}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\65TDCSF3\\Cho et al. - 2009 - An ultra-low-power ambient light sensor for portab.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\MMD7NM5Y\\12.807927.html:text/html} } @article{fu_portable_2016, title = {A portable smart phone-based plasmonic nanosensor readout platform that measures transmitted light intensities of nanosubstrates using an ambient light sensor}, volume = {16}, issn = {1473-0189}, url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/lc/c6lc00083e}, doi = {10.1039/C6LC00083E}, abstract = {Plasmonic nanosensors may be used as tools for diagnostic testing in the field of medicine. However, quantification of plasmonic nanosensors often requires complex and bulky readout instruments. Here, we report the development of a portable smart phone-based plasmonic nanosensor readout platform (PNRP) for accurate quantification of plasmonic nanosensors. This device operates by transmitting excitation light from a LED through a nanosubstrate and measuring the intensity of the transmitted light using the ambient light sensor of a smart phone. The device is a cylinder with a diameter of 14 mm, a length of 38 mm, and a gross weight of 3.5 g. We demonstrated the utility of this smart phone-based PNRP by measuring two well-established plasmonic nanosensors with this system. In the first experiment, the device measured the morphology changes of triangular silver nanoprisms (AgNPRs) in an immunoassay for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In the second experiment, the device measured the aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in an aptamer-based assay for the detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The results from the smart phone-based PNRP were consistent with those from commercial spectrophotometers, demonstrating that the smart phone-based PNRP enables accurate quantification of plasmonic nanosensors.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2017-10-01}, journal = {Lab on a Chip}, author = {Fu, Qiangqiang and Wu, Ze and Xu, Fangxiang and Li, Xiuqing and Yao, Cuize and Xu, Meng and Sheng, Liangrong and Yu, Shiting and Tang, Yong}, month = may, year = {2016}, pages = {1927--1933}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\H3JEFHSJ\\Fu et al. - 2016 - A portable smart phone-based plasmonic nanosensor .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\BJNLZE9I\\C6LC00083E.html:text/html} } @book{koechner_solid-state_2006, address = {New York, NY}, series = {Springer {Series} in {Optical} {Sciences}}, title = {Solid-{State} {Laser} {Engineering}}, volume = {1}, isbn = {978-0-387-29094-2}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/0-387-29338-8}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, publisher = {Springer New York}, author = {Koechner, Walter}, year = {2006}, note = {DOI: 10.1007/0-387-29338-8} } @article{georgescu_er:yag_2005, title = {Er:{YAG} three-micron laser: performances and limits}, volume = {11}, issn = {1077-260X}, shorttitle = {Er}, doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2005.850593}, abstract = {Mathematical modeling is used to estimate the performances of the three-micron Er:YAG laser in various generation regimes. The model, based on simple rate equations, uses exclusively spectroscopic data and includes upconversion from both initial (4I112/) and terminal (4I132/) levels as well as the cross-relaxation from the pump level (4S32/). Despite the unfavorable ratio between the lifetimes of the laser levels, the recirculation of the excitation on the metastable levels produced by the effective energy transfer processes at high erbium concentrations leads to rather high emission efficiency in the continuous wave (CW) regime. In contrast, in the Q-switch regime, the energy transfer processes are practically frozen during the giant pulse generation and the access to the stored energy is limited. In this paper, simple analytical expressions for emission efficiency in CW and Q-switch regimes are presented. Due to the growing interest in short laser pulses for medical applications, we discuss in more detail the Q-switch regime (pump conditions, co-doping, etc.).}, number = {3}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics}, author = {Georgescu, S. and Toma, O.}, month = may, year = {2005}, keywords = {3 micron, cross-relaxation, CW lasers, effective energy transfer, emission efficiency, Energy exchange, Equations, Er:YAG three-micron laser, erbium, Erbium, Laser excitation, laser level lifetimes, Laser modes, laser transitions, Mathematical model, metastable level, metastable states, Metastasis, optical pulse generation, optical pumping, pulse generation, Pulse generation, pulsed lasers, Pump lasers, Q-switch, Q-switching, solid lasers, Spectroscopy, upconversion, Y3Al5O12:Er, YAG}, pages = {682--689}, file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\6HK697AY\\metrics.html:text/html} } @misc{noauthor_encyclopedia_nodate, title = {Encyclopedia of {Laser} {Physics} and {Technology} - upconversion, gain medium, laser, fluorescence, energy transfer, cooperative upconversion, excited-state absorption}, url = {https://www.rp-photonics.com/upconversion.html?s=ak}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, file = {Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - upconversion, gain medium, laser, fluorescence, energy transfer, cooperative upconversion, excited-state absorption:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\SPNYP42X\\upconversion.html:text/html} } @misc{noauthor_encyclopedia_nodate-1, title = {Encyclopedia of {Laser} {Physics} and {Technology} - erbium-doped gain media, glasses, {Erbium}-ytterbium-doped fibers, {Er}:{YAG} laser}, url = {https://www.rp-photonics.com/erbium_doped_gain_media.html}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, file = {Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - erbium-doped gain media, glasses, Erbium-ytterbium-doped fibers, Er\:YAG laser:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\C9JJS8PW\\erbium_doped_gain_media.html:text/html} } @book{svelto_principles_2010, address = {Boston, MA}, title = {Principles of {Lasers}}, isbn = {978-1-4419-1301-2 978-1-4419-1302-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-1302-9}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, publisher = {Springer US}, author = {Svelto, Orazio}, year = {2010}, note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1302-9} } @article{noauthor_erbium-yag_2016, title = {Erbium-{YAG} {Cutaneous} {Laser} {Resurfacing}: {Overview}, {Indications} and {Treatment} {Areas}, {Patient} {Selection}, {Contraindications}, and {Cautions}}, shorttitle = {Erbium-{YAG} {Cutaneous} {Laser} {Resurfacing}}, url = {https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1120936-overview}, abstract = {Throughout the last decade, cutaneous laser resurfacing has gained popularity among laser surgeons and the public alike. Based upon the principles of selective photothermolysis, resurfacing lasers selectively target water-containing tissue resulting in controlled tissue vaporization.}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, month = dec, year = {2016}, keywords = {Erbium-YAG Cutaneous Laser Resurfacing Overview} } @article{skorczakowski_mid-infrared_2010, title = {Mid-infrared {Q}-switched {Er}:{YAG} laser for medical applications}, volume = {7}, issn = {1612-202X}, shorttitle = {Mid-infrared {Q}-switched {Er}}, url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1002/lapl.201010019/meta}, doi = {10.1002/lapl.201010019}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, journal = {Laser Physics Letters}, author = {Skorczakowski, M. and Swiderski, J. and Pichola, W. and Nyga, P. and Zajac, A. and Maciejewska, M. and Galecki, L. and Kasprzak, J. and Gross, S. and Heinrich, A. and Bragagna, T.}, month = may, year = {2010}, pages = {498} } @article{zajac_electrooptically_2004, title = {Electrooptically {Q}-switched mid-infrared {Er}:{YAG} laser for medical applications}, volume = {12}, copyright = {© 2004 Optical Society of America}, issn = {1094-4087}, shorttitle = {Electrooptically {Q}-switched mid-infrared {Er}}, url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-12-21-5125}, doi = {10.1364/OPEX.12.005125}, abstract = {An actively Q-switched Er:YAG laser generating pulses at 2.94 μm has been developed and investigated. For a single Er:YAG generator at 3 Hz repetition rate, pulses of 91.2 ns duration and 137 mJ energy have been obtained. It corresponds to pulse train with high-peak power of {\textasciitilde} 1.5 MW. For 10 Hz repetition rate 30 mJ of output energy in single pulse has been achieved. These results, according to our knowledge, are the best world-wide achievements.}, language = {EN}, number = {21}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, journal = {Optics Express}, author = {Zajac, A. and Skorczakowski, M. and Swiderski, J. and Nyga, P.}, month = oct, year = {2004}, pages = {5125--5130}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\YCTFYJ6Z\\Zajac et al. - 2004 - Electrooptically Q-switched mid-infrared ErYAG la.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\W9USWS52\\fulltext.html:text/html} } @article{arbabzadah_comparison_2011, title = {Comparison of a diode pumped {Er}:{YSGG} and {Er}:{YAG} laser in the bounce geometry at the 3 μm transition}, volume = {19}, copyright = {© 2011 OSA}, issn = {1094-4087}, shorttitle = {Comparison of a diode pumped {Er}}, url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-19-27-25860}, doi = {10.1364/OE.19.025860}, abstract = {A comparative study is made of the laser crystals 50 at. \% Er:YAG and 50 at. \% Er:YSGG. Both lasers are constructed in the bounce geometry with quasi continuous wave (QCW) diode pumping. In Er:YAG, pulse energies of up to {\textasciitilde}31mJ, slope efficiency of 12.6\% and a red-shift in laser wavelength are observed with a final and dominant wavelength of 2.936μm. In Er:YSGG, higher performance is achieved with pulse energies of {\textasciitilde}55mJ, slope efficiency of 20.5\% and a single transition wavelength of 2.797μm observed. The study indicates that diode pumped Er:YSGG is a superior laser source at 3μm than Er:YAG and it has greater energy storage potential for Q-switched operation.}, language = {EN}, number = {27}, urldate = {2017-11-12}, journal = {Optics Express}, author = {Arbabzadah, Emma and Chard, Simon and Amrania, Hemmel and Phillips, Chris and Damzen, Michael}, month = dec, year = {2011}, pages = {25860--25865}, file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\IE4STSQW\\Arbabzadah et al. - 2011 - Comparison of a diode pumped ErYSGG and ErYAG la.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\6EGDCDSB\\fulltext.html:text/html} } @misc{noauthor_notitle_nodate, url = {http://www.excelitas.com/Pages/Product/Photodiodes-and-Phototransistors-for-Ambient-Light-Sensors.aspx}, urldate = {2017-11-16}, file = {:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\5B79I9AY\\Photodiodes-and-Phototransistors-for-Ambient-Light-Sensors.html:text/html} } @article{goldman_laser_2000, title = {Laser skin resurfacing of the face with a combined {CO}2/{Er}:{YAG} laser}, volume = {26}, issn = {1076-0512}, shorttitle = {Laser skin resurfacing of the face with a combined {CO}2/{Er}}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A combined, dual-wavelength CO2/Er:YAG laser system having the ability to deliver both clean ablation of skin with the erbium wavelength and a simultaneous deeper penetrating subablative thermal pulse of CO2 was developed for full-face resurfacing. The CO2 component can be pulsed from 1 to 100 msec at a power of 1-10 W with the Er:YAG component pulsed at 350 microsec at 1.7 J/cm2 through either a computer pattern generator with 3 mm diameter spot size or through a noncollimated spot ranging from 0.2 to 8 mm in diameter. Our previous study using this laser on the neck using a 4-8 mm diameter spot with Er:YAG fluence at 1.7 J and the CO2 at 5 W with a 50 msec pulse at a frequency of 10 Hz showed a higher degree of overall patient satisfaction, as well as improvement in skin texture and skin color, compared to patients treated with an Er:YAG laser alone. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the CO2/Er:YAG laser treatment modality in facial resurfacing. METHODS: Ten patients were treated with four passes at 1.7 J with a 4 mm diameter spot and the CO2 at 5 W with a 50-msec pulse at a frequency of 10 Hz. Photoaging scores as well as thermal damage and new collagen formation were compared immediately before and after treatment as well as at 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The average pretreatment periorbital score was 6.2 The average posttreatment periorbital scores were 4.2 (P =.0239) at 2 weeks postoperatively (32\% improvement) and 3.8 (P =.0028) at 3 months postoperatively (38\% improvement). The average pretreatment perioral score was 5.9. The average posttreatment perioral scores were 3.0 (P =.0001) at 2 weeks postoperatively (49\% improvement) and 3.3 (P =.0009) at 3 months postoperatively (44\% improvement). The average pretreatment cheek score was 4.7. The average posttreatment cheek scores were 2.7 (P =.0066) at 2 weeks postoperatively (43\% improvement) and 3.8 (P =. 0152) at 3 months postoperatively (36\% improvement). The average pretreatment forehead score was 4.7. The average posttreatment forehead scores were 3.8 (P =.0340) at 2 weeks postoperatively (33\% improvement) and 3.6 (P =.0147) at 3 months postoperatively (37\% improvement). The average depth of collagen measured in the dermis pretreatment was 29 microm. The average depth of collagen 3 months posttreatment was 54 microm. This is an average increase of 25 microm or an 86\% increase in collagen (P =.006). The average thermal damage immediately after treatment was 20 microm. CONCLUSION: The CO2/Er:YAG laser utilized with four passes at the above-mentioned parameters results in a similar degree of improvement as other forms of laser resurfacing with high-energy, short-pulsed CO2 lasers.}, language = {eng}, number = {2}, journal = {Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]}, author = {Goldman, M. P. and Marchell, N. and Fitzpatrick, R. E.}, month = feb, year = {2000}, pmid = {10691935}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Biopsy, Dermatologic Surgical Procedures, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Face, Female, Humans, Laser Therapy, Middle Aged, Preoperative Care, Prospective Studies, Skin, Skin Aging, Time Factors}, pages = {102--104} } @misc{noauthor_making_nodate, title = {Making sense of light sensors {\textbar} {EE} {Times}}, url = {https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272314}, abstract = {As light sensors, whether photoresistor, photodiode, or phototransistor, become more common and less expensive, understanding their fit with the application is increasingly important. The use of integrated circuitry enables on-chip calibration, filtering and increased resolution.}, urldate = {2017-11-25}, journal = {EETimes}, file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\kariv\\Zotero\\storage\\Z9GXLPQ9\\document.html:text/html} }