What Happens When We Don’t Count Women: The Hidden Hormonal Toll of the Modern Diet

Authors

  • Bhavana Soma McMaster University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15173/cjsc.v1i1.3947

Keywords:

Ultra-processed foods, Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Women’s health, Hormonal health, Nutrition policy

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now make up nearly half of the average Canadian diet. Cheap, convenient, and nutrient-poor, they not only displace whole foods but also deliver additives, preservatives, and packaging chemicals that disrupt hormones, especially in people with ovaries. These endocrine-disrupting compounds are linked to earlier puberty, menstrual irregularities, infertility, worsened menopause symptoms, and heightened risks of hormone-related diseases. Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis, already affecting millions, may be exacerbated by UPF-driven inflammation and chemical exposures. Yet nutrition policy rarely addresses hormonal health, and research has long excluded women, leaving major knowledge gaps. Canada’s limited measures contrast with stronger regulations abroad, while low- and middle-income countries face a double burden of chronic disease and weak protections. The article calls for inclusive research, stronger policies, practical hormone-supportive dietary advice, expanded education, and equitable access to whole foods. Food choices are a feminist health issue, and change is possible.

References

Baric A, Malik VS, Christoforou A. Ultra-processed food consumption and cardiometabolic risk in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian health measures survey. Nutr Metab (Lond) [Internet]. 2025 May 7 [cited 2025 Aug 10];22(1):37. Available from: https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-025-00935-y

Hall KD. From dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci [Internet]. 2023 Sep 11 [cited 2025 Aug 10];378(1885):20220214. Available from: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2022.0214

Su X, Chen G, Shi S, Sun H, Su Y, He Y. Association between ultra-processed foods and female infertility: a large cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2025 Jul 2 [cited 2025 Aug 10];25(1):2213. Available from: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-025-23458-w

Li J, Deng T, Rao W, Liao H, Wang Y, Guo N, et al. Phthalate metabolites in urine and follicular fluid in relation to menstrual cycle characteristics in women seeking fertility assistance. Environ Int [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];183:108362. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412023006359

Ryan KK, Seeley RJ. Food as a hormone. Science [Internet]. 2013 Feb 22 [cited 2025 Aug 10];339(6122):918–9. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1234062

Fernandes AE, Rosa PWL, Melo ME, Martins RCR, Santin FGO, Moura AMSH, et al. Differences in the gut microbiota of women according to ultra-processed food consumption. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];33(1):84–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0939475322004100

Almarshad MI, Algonaiman R, Alharbi HF, Almujaydil MS, Barakat H. Relationship between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of diabetes mellitus: a mini-review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Jun 7 [cited 2025 Aug 10];14(12):2366. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/12/2366

Lucas A, Herrmann S, Lucas M. The role of endocrine-disrupting phthalates and bisphenols in cardiometabolic disease: the evidence is mounting. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes [Internet]. 2022 Apr [cited 2025 Aug 10];29(2):87–94. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MED.0000000000000712

Martini D, Godos J, Bonaccio M, Vitaglione P, Grosso G. Ultra-processed foods and nutritional dietary profile: a meta-analysis of nationally representative samples. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Sep 27 [cited 2025 Aug 10];13(10):3390. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/10/3390

Pulcastro H, Ziv-Gal A. Parabens effects on female reproductive health – Review of evidence from epidemiological and rodent-based studies. Reprod Toxicol [Internet]. 2024 Sep [cited 2025 Aug 10];128:108636. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890623824001035

Smith KW, Souter I, Dimitriadis I, Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Calafat AM, et al. Urinary paraben concentrations and ovarian aging among women from a fertility center. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2013 Nov [cited 2025 Aug 10];121(11–12):1299–305. Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1205350

Neff AM, Laws MJ, Warner GR, Flaws JA. The effects of environmental contaminant exposure on reproductive aging and the menopause transition. Curr Environ Health Rep [Internet]. 2022 Mar [cited 2025 Aug 10];9(1):53–79. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40572-022-00334-y

Babadi RS, Williams PL, Li Z, Smith RL, Strakovsky RS, Hauser R, et al. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and hot flash outcomes: longitudinal associations in the Midlife Women’s Health Study. Environ Res [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];216:114576. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001393512201903X

Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible role of the endocrine disrupting chemicals on the premature and early menopause associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) [Internet]. 2023 Feb 14 [cited 2025 Aug 10];14:1081704. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1081704/full

Tricotteaux-Zarqaoui S, Lahimer M, Abou Diwan M, Corona A, Candela P, Cabry R, et al. Endocrine disruptor chemicals exposure and female fertility declining: from pathophysiology to epigenetic risks. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2024 Dec 12 [cited 2025 Aug 10];12:1466967. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1466967/full

Calcaterra V, Cena H, Loperfido F, Rossi V, Grazi R, Quatrale A, et al. Evaluating phthalates and bisphenol in foods: risks for precocious puberty and early-onset obesity. Nutrients [Internet]. 2024 Aug 16 [cited 2025 Aug 10];16(16):2732. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/16/2732

Chiang C, Pacyga DC, Strakovsky RS, Smith RL, James-Todd T, Williams PL, et al. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and serum hormone levels in pre- and perimenopausal women from the Midlife Women’s Health Study. Environ Int [Internet]. 2021 Nov [cited 2025 Aug 10];156:106633. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412021002580

Health Canada. Packaging materials [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2004 [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/packaging-materials.html

Wang Z, Asokan G, Onnela JP, Baird DD, Jukic AMZ, Wilcox AJ, et al. Menarche and time to cycle regularity among individuals born between 1950 and 2005 in the US. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2024 May 29 [cited 2025 Aug 10];7(5):e2412854. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2819141

Ban M, Jiao J, Zhou J, Cui L, Wang H, Chen ZJ. Association of age at menarche and different causes of infertility: a retrospective study of 7634 women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. J Ovarian Res [Internet]. 2025 Feb 26 [cited 2025 Aug 10];18(1):40. Available from: https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-025-01629-y

Kim Y, Je Y. Early menarche and risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) [Internet]. 2019 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];28(1):77–86. Available from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2018.6998

Fuhrman BJ, Moore SC, Byrne C, Makhoul I, Kitahara CM, Berrington de González A, et al. Association of the age at menarche with site-specific cancer risks in pooled data from nine cohorts. Cancer Res [Internet]. 2021 Apr 15 [cited 2025 Aug 10];81(8):2246–55. Available from: https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/81/8/2246/670596/Association-of-the-Age-at-Menarche-with-Site

Su P, Chen C, Sun Y. Physiopathology of polycystic ovary syndrome in endocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. J Ovarian Res [Internet]. 2025 Feb 20 [cited 2025 Aug 10];18(1):34. Available from: https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-025-01621-6

Shen DY, Li J, Hu P, Qi C, Yang H. Global, regional, and national prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years for endometriosis in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: findings from a global burden of disease study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X [Internet]. 2025 Mar [cited 2025 Aug 10];25:100363. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590161324000838

Gruber GA, Araujo MIDC, Almeida SGD. A influência dos disruptores endócrinos na saúde feminina. Res Soc Dev [Internet]. 2024 Nov 30 [cited 2025 Aug 10];13(12):e37131247579. Available from: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/47579

Dutta S, Banu SK, Arosh JA. Endocrine disruptors and endometriosis. Reprod Toxicol [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];115:56–73. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890623822001691

Palioura E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Rev Endocr Metab Disord [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2025 Aug 10];16(4):365–71. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11154-016-9326-7

Alomran S, Estrella ED. Effect of dietary regimen on the development of polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Oct 24 [cited 2025 Aug 10];15(10):e48354. Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/174552-effect-of-dietary-regimen-on-the-development-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-a-narrative-review

Erdélyi A, Pálfi E, Tűű L, Nas K, Szűcs Z, Török M, et al. The importance of nutrition in menopause and perimenopause—a review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2023 Dec 21 [cited 2025 Aug 10];16(1):27. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/1/27

Holdcroft A. Gender bias in research: how does it affect evidence based medicine? J R Soc Med [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];100(1):2–3. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/014107680710000102

Weigard A, Loviska AM, Beltz AM. Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2021 Oct 22 [cited 2025 Aug 10];11(1):20925. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00143-7

Bailey RL, Dog TL, Smith-Ryan AE, Das SK, Baker FC, Madak-Erdogan Z, et al. Sex differences across the life course: a focus on unique nutritional and health considerations among women. J Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Jul [cited 2025 Aug 10];152(7):1597–610. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022316622006599

Feskens EJM, Bailey R, Bhutta Z, Biesalski HK, Eicher-Miller H, Krämer K, et al. Women’s health: optimal nutrition throughout the lifecycle. Eur J Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Jun [cited 2025 Aug 10];61(S1):1–23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00394-022-02915-x

Health Canada. Nutrition labelling: front-of-package nutrition symbol [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/nutrition-labelling/front-package.html

Health Canada. Bisphenol A (BPA) [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2013 [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/home-garden-safety/bisphenol-bpa.html

Popkin BM, Barquera S, Corvalan C, Hofman KJ, Monteiro C, Ng SW, et al. Toward unified and impactful policies for reducing ultraprocessed food consumption and promoting healthier eating globally. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol [Internet]. 2021 Jul [cited 2025 Aug 10];9(7):462–70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8217149/

Colchero MA, Molina M, Guerrero-López CM. After Mexico implemented a tax, purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages decreased and water increased: difference by place of residence, household composition, and income level. J Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Aug [cited 2025 Aug 10];147(8):1552–7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5525113/

Caro JC, Corvalán C, Reyes M, Silva A, Popkin B, Taillie LS. Chile’s 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax and changes in prices and purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages: an observational study in an urban environment. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2018 Jul 3 [cited 2025 Aug 10];15(7):e1002597. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002597

European Commission. Commission adopts ban of bisphenol A in food contact materials [Internet]. Brussels (BE): European Commission; 2024 Dec 19 [cited 2025 Aug 10]. Available from: https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety-news-0/commission-adopts-ban-bisphenol-food-contact-materials-2024-12-19_en

Popkin BM, Ng SW. The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable. Obes Rev [Internet]. 2022 Jan [cited 2025 Aug 10];23(1):e13366. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.13366

Reardon T, Tschirley D, Liverpool-Tasie LSO, Awokuse T, Fanzo J, Minten B, et al. The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition. Glob Food Sec [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2025 Aug 10];28:100466. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211912420301206

Oviedo-Solís C, Monterrubio-Flores E, Cediel G, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Barquera S. Trend of ultraprocessed product intake is associated with the double burden of malnutrition in Mexican children and adolescents. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Oct 17 [cited 2025 Aug 10];14(20):4347. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/20/4347

Seferidi P, Hone T, Duran AC, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Millett C. Global inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition and associations with globalisation: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 55 low-income and middle-income countries, 1992–2018. Lancet Glob Health [Internet]. 2022 Apr [cited 2025 Aug 10];10(4):e482–90. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214109X21005945

Even B, Truong TTT, Thai HTM, Pham HTM, Nguyen DT, Bui ATV, et al. Unpacking food environment policy landscapes for healthier diets in “emerging” countries: the case of Viet Nam. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2025 Apr 22 [cited 2025 Aug 10];13:1548956. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1548956/full

Downloads

Published

2025-12-05

How to Cite

Soma, B. (2025). What Happens When We Don’t Count Women: The Hidden Hormonal Toll of the Modern Diet. The Canadian Journal of Science Communication, 1(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.15173/cjsc.v1i1.3947

Issue

Section

Create-a-thon Pieces