Vol. 22 (2014)
Articles

Hybridization at the Neutral Iroquoian Walker Site (AgHa-9)

PDF (English)
  • Melissa Marie Wallace
DOI : https://doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v22i1.21

Publié-e 2014-11-11

Mots-clés

  • Ontario Archaeology,
  • Acculturation,
  • Contact studies,
  • Material Culture,
  • Hybridization,
  • Neutral Iroquoians,
  • Walker Site
    • ...Plus
    Moins

Résumé

This article is written with the intention of exploring the types of approaches used to study Indigenous and European contact, using the Iroquoian Neutral culture as an example.    The Neutral, a northern Iroquoian group, were similar overall culturally to other Northern Iroquoian groups in Ontario.  Their settlement in the first half of the 17th century is believed to have been focused in what is now Southern Ontario, from the north of Lake Erie, to the west of LakeOntario (Noble 1984:4).  Based on their placement in southern Ontario between other Indigenous groups, they were in an excellent position for trade. In an attempt to understand the ways in which Indigenous people incorporated European material culture, a new concept, hybridization, is proposed. Hybridization, like syncretism, is the incorporation of European materials into Indigenous society by creating what would be considered ‘traditional’ forms of artifacts.  By utilizing this kind of analysis, it is possible to incorporate Indigenous agency, without using out-dated methods that assume acculturation as the ultimate end to culture contact. 

PDF (English)

Références

  1. Anselmi, L.
  2. Native Peoples Use of Copper-Based Metals in NE North America: Contact
  3. Period Interactions. VDM, Saarbrucken, Germany.
  4. Bradley, James
  5. Evolution of the Onondaga Iroquois: Accommodating Change 1500-1650.
  6. Syracuse University Press, New York.
  7. Before Albany: An Archaeology of Native-Dutch Relations in the Capital
  8. Region 1600-1664. New York State Museum, Albany.
  9. Bradley, James, and S. T. Childs
  10. Basque Earrings and Panther’s Tails: The Form of Cross-Cultural Contact in
  11. Sixteenth Century Iroquoia. In Metals in Society: Theory Beyond Analysis.,
  12. edited by R. M. Ehrenreich, pp.7-17, MASCA Research Papers in Science
  13. and Archaeology, volume 8, part II. The University Museum of Archaeology
  14. and Anthropology University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
  15. Boyle, David
  16. A Burial Place in Onondaga Township. Annual Archaeological Report.
  17. Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Toronto, Ontario.
  18. Carstens, Anne Marie
  19. Cultural Context and Cultural Change: Colonialism and Empire. In Rome and
  20. the Black Sea Region: Domination, Romanisation and Resistance, edited by T.
  21. Bekker-Nielson, pp. 119-31. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, Esbjerg,
  22. Denmark.
  23. Cheek, A.
  24. The Evidence for Acculturation in artifacts: Indians and non-Indians at San
  25. Xavier del Bac, Arizona. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of
  26. Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
  27. Cobb, Charles R. (editor)
  28. Stone Tool Traditions in the Contact Era. The University of Alabama Press,
  29. Tuscaloosa.
  30. Coyne, James
  31. The Country of the Neutrals (as far as Comprised in the Country of Elgin),
  32. From Champlain to Talbot. Times Print, St. Thomas.
  33. Cusick, James G.
  34. Introduction. In Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change, and
  35. Archaeology, edited by J. G. Cusick, pp. 1-20. Center for Archaeological
  36. Investigations, Occasional Papers No. 25. Southern Illinois University,
  37. Carbondale.
  38. Deagan, Kathleen
  39. Transculturation and Spanish American Ethnogenesis: The Archaeological
  40. Legacy of the Quincentenary. In Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction,
  41. Culture Change, and Archaeology, edited by J. G. Cusick, pp. 23-43. Center
  42. for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Papers No. 25. Southern
  43. Illinois University, Carbondale.
  44. Artifacts of Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean 1500-1800,
  45. Volume 2:Personal Portable Possessions. Smithsonian Institution Press,
  46. Washington, DC.
  47. Ehrhardt, Kathleen L.
  48. European Metals in Native Hands: Rethinking the Dynamics of
  49. Technological Change 1640-1683. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  50. Evans, Helen Marie
  51. The Syncretic Continuum: The Incorporation of European Goods at a 17th
  52. Century Huron Village. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology
  53. No.10, Copetown Press, St. John’s, Newfoundland.
  54. Ewen, Charles R.
  55. From Colonist to Creole: Archaeological Patterns of Spanish Colonization in
  56. the New World. Historical Archaeology 34(3):36-45.
  57. Farnsworth, P.
  58. Missions, Indians and Cultural Continuity. Historical Archaeology 26(1):22-
  59. Fenton, William N.
  60. Problems Arising from the Historic Northeastern Positions of the Iroquois. In
  61. Essays in Historical Archaeology of North America, edited by J. H. Steward,
  62. pp.159-252. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 100, Smithsonian
  63. Institutions, Washington, DC.
  64. Fitzgerald, William R.
  65. Chronology to Cultural Process: Lower Great Lakes Archaeology, 1500-
  66. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, McGill
  67. University, Montreal.
  68. Fitzhugh, William
  69. Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contacts on Native American
  70. Cultural Institutions, A.D. 1000-1800. Smithsonian Institution Press,
  71. Washington.
  72. Galke, Laura J.
  73. Perspectives on the use of European Material Culture at Two Mid-to-Late
  74. th Century Native American Sites in the Chesapeake. North American
  75. Archaeologist 25(1):91-113.
  76. Hamell, George R.
  77. The Iroquois and the World’s Rim: Speculations on Color, Culture and
  78. Contact. In Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research
  79. Sources, edited by J. E. Kerber, pp. 306-320. Syracuse University Press, New
  80. York.
  81. Harris, William R.
  82. A Forgotten People: The Flint Workers. Vol. 4. Buffalo Historical Society,
  83. Buffalo.
  84. Helms, Mary W.
  85. Ulysses’ Sail: An Odyssey of Power, Knowledge and Geographical Distance.
  86. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  87. Hoover, Robert Linville
  88. Spanish-Native Interaction and Acculturation in the Alta California Missions.
  89. In Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands
  90. West, edited by D.H. Thomas, pp.396-506. Smithsonian Institution,
  91. Washington DC.
  92. Some Models for Spanish Colonial Archaeology in California. Historical
  93. Archaeology 26(1):37-44.
  94. Hoover, Robert Linville, and Julia Costello
  95. Excavations at Mission San Antonio: The First Three Seasons, 1976-1978.
  96. San Luis Obispo, California Polytechnic State University.
  97. Houghton, Frederick
  98. The Indian Occupancy of the Niagara Frontier. Bulletin of the Buffalo
  99. Society of Natural Sciences 9(3):261-375.
  100. Jones, Arthur Edward, S. J.
  101. “8endake Ehen” or Old Huronia. Fifth Report of the Bureau of Archives
  102. for the Province of Ontario 1908. Toronto, Canada.
  103. Jordan, S., and C. Schrire
  104. Material Culture and the Roots of Colonial Society at the South African
  105. Cape of Good Hope. In The Archaeology of Colonialism, edited by C. L. Lyons and J. K. Papadopoulos, pp. 241-272. Getty Research Institute, Los
  106. Angeles, CA.
  107. Krahn, Thomas Herman
  108. A Location Analysis of Early Seventeenth Century Neutral Settlements,
  109. Southern Ontario. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of
  110. Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough.
  111. Kraus, Bertram
  112. Acculturation, A New Approach to the Iroquoian Problem. American
  113. Antiquity 9(3):302-318.
  114. Loren, Diana DiPaolo
  115. Creolization in the French and Spanish Colonies. In North American
  116. Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat and D. D. Loren, pp.297-318. Blackwell
  117. Publishing, Malden.
  118. In Contact: Bodies and Spaces in the Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century
  119. Eastern Woodlands. Altamira Press, New York, New York.
  120. Loren, Diana DiPaolo, and Mary C. Beaudry
  121. Becoming American: Small Things Remembered. In Historical
  122. Archaeology, edited by M. Hall and S. W. Silliman, pp. 251-271. Blackwell
  123. Publishing, Malden.
  124. Nassaney, Michael S.
  125. An Epistemological Enquiry into some Archaeological and Historical
  126. Interpretations of 17th Century Native American-European Relations. In
  127. Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, edited by S. J. Shennan, pp.
  128. -93. Routledge, New York.
  129. Noble, W. C.
  130. The Neutral Indians. In Essays in Northeastern Anthropology in Memory of
  131. Marian E. White, edited by W. E. Engelbrecht and D. K. Grayson, pp. 152-164.
  132. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology 5, Department of
  133. Anthropology, Franklin Pierce College, Rindge, New Hampshire.
  134. Historic Neutral Iroquois Settlement Patterns. Canadian Journal of
  135. Archaeology 8(1):3-27.
  136. Tsouharissen’s Chiefdom: An Early Historic 17th Century Neutral Iroquoian
  137. Ranked Society. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 9(2):131-146.
  138. Pasztory, Esther
  139. Thinking with Things: Toward a New Vision of Art. University of Texas
  140. Press, Austin.
  141. Quimby, George I., and Alexander Spoehr
  142. Acculturation and Material Culture. Fieldiana: Anthropology 36(6):107-147.
  143. Redfield, Robert, Ralph Linton, and Melville J. Herskovits
  144. Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation. American Anthropologist
  145. (1):149-152.
  146. Ridley, Frank
  147. Archaeology of the Neutral Indian. Etobicoke Historical Society, Etobicoke.
  148. Rogers, J. Daniel
  149. Objects of Change: The Archaeology and History of Arikara Contact with
  150. Europeans. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
  151. Rogers, J. Daniel, and Samuel M. Wilson
  152. Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the
  153. Americas. Plenum Press, New York.
  154. Rubertone, Patricia E.
  155. The Historical Archaeology of Native Americans. Annual Review of
  156. Anthropology 29:425-446.
  157. Scaramelli, Franz, and Kay Tarble de Scaramelli
  158. The Roles of Material Culture in the Colonization of the Orinoco, Venezuela.
  159. Journal of Social Archaeology 5(1):135-168.
  160. Schurr, Mark R.
  161. Archaeological Indices of Resistance Diversity in the Removal Period
  162. Potawatomi of the Western Great Lakes. American Antiquity 75(1):44-60.
  163. Silliman, Stephen
  164. a Social and Physical Landscapes of Contact. In North American
  165. Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat and D. Loren, pp. 273-296. Blackwell
  166. Publishing, Malden.
  167. Spicer, Edward H.
  168. Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change. The University of Chicago
  169. Press, Chicago.
  170. Spielmann, Katherine A.
  171. Feasting, Craft Specialization, and the Ritual Mode of Production in Small-
  172. Scale Societies. American Anthropologist 104(1):195-207.
  173. Teske, Raymond H. C., Jr., and Bardin H. Nelson
  174. Acculturation and Assimilation: A Clarification. American Ethnologist
  175. (2):351-367.
  176. Thomas, Noah
  177. Colonialism, Collective Action and the Analysis of Technological Style.
  178. Stanford Journal of Archaeology, 5:203-223.
  179. Trigger, Bruce
  180. Early Native North America Responses to European Contact: Romantic
  181. Versus Rationalistic Explanations. The Journal of American History
  182. (4):1195-1215.
  183. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press, New
  184. York.
  185. White, J.R.
  186. Historic Contact Sites as Laboratories for the Study of Culture Change. The
  187. Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Papers 9:153-163.
  188. White, Marian E.
  189. Iroquois Culture History in the Niagara Frontier Area of New York State.
  190. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
  191. Neutral and Wenro. In Handbook of North American Indians: The Northeast,
  192. edited by Bruce Trigger, Vol. 15, pp.407-411., Smithsonian Institution,
  193. Washington.
  194. Wright, Milton J.
  195. The Walker Site. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological
  196. Survey of Canada Paper No. 103, pp. 1-209. National Museums of Canada,
  197. Ottawa.
  198. Wright, J. V.
  199. The Ontario Iroquois Tradition. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
  200. A History of the Native People of Canada, AD 500- European Contact.
  201. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada,
  202. Paper No. 152, pp.1-507. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.